Twelfth Night And Crossdressing Essay Example For Students

Twelfth Night And Crossdressing Essay An Imitation of IgnoranceThe play Twelfth Night typifies what it intended to take care of business and ladies throughoutthe sixteenth century. The jobs of every sex were unchangeable, and one could notpublicly traverse under any conditions. During Shakespearean occasions ladies werenot even permitted to depict themselves in front of an audience, men assumed their jobs. Inmy feeling Shakespeare utilizes the play to show the lip service of the norm thatheld individuals from communicating their actual character. Twelfth Night exhibits thatprofessions ought not be given on a sexual orientation premise, ability ought to be the onlyconsideration. During the play one sees that just through impersonation of anothergender can an individual converse the jobs, which they are clung to. In Twelfth Nightimitation of another sexual orientation is done both due to legitimate need, and for retribution. InTwelfth Night ones sexual inclination was not a purpose behind sex inversion. Viola/Cesario who h as quite recently lost her sibling in a wreck feels that she needs todress as a man to get by on the island of Illyria. Furthermore, what would it be advisable for me to do inIllyria? My sibling he is in Elysium. Perchance his not drownd what you think. Viola changes her name to Cesario and starts her new life as a man. Viola/Cesariocrosses the limits and becomes Orsinos best hireling. This depiction of a womansuccessfully impersonating a man is an undeniable denouncement of the supposed sex rolesof the Elizabethan time. All through the play impersonation is utilized for retribution and playsan necessary job in the lives of a couple of supporting characters. In this situation it isused to mislead Malvolio, a pretentious hireling, to show him a thing or two in his relationswith others. Shakespeare clarifies that misleading, when utilized forentertainment, can be extremely damaging. Twelfth Night manages issues that happen when someone is compelled to imitateanother sex, or someone el se. Implore God shield me! An easily overlooked detail would make metell them the amount I absence of a man. These issues are shown through sexualtension between practically the entirety of the characters. The characters appear to achieve mostof their set objectives, however some way or another something hinders them from impeccable impersonation. We will compose a custom paper on Twelfth Night And Crossdressing explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Viola/Cesario is troubled and has no clue about how to live without a legitimate salary. Shelives in a general public that just permits men to work specific sorts of employments. Theseprofessions are the ones that acquire the vast majority of the cash. Thus she beginsto mimic a man, and passes by the name Cesario. Her calling was to be a servantto the Duke Orsino. Sick serve this Duke; Thou shalt present me as an eunuch tohim, it might be worth thy torments; for I can sing and address him in numerous sorts ofmusic that will permit me worth his administration. The chief that spared her agreedto guide her in masculinity, and she completely appreciated what it is to take care of business duringthese times. She got her calling very rapidly. Her impersonation did havelimitations in any case. She ran into issues because of sexual inclinations and these demonstrated tobe inconceivable. Viola/Cesario became hopelessly enamored with her lord, and couldn't discover away to appropriately educat e him regarding her actual character. The second issue she encounteredwas Olivia, a rich royal lady, winds up going gaga for her. Viola/Cesario did notknow how to deal with these specific circumstances as a man so she managed them as awoman. This gets obvious because of an occurrence were she nearly kisses Orsino; and shedoes not make it understood to Olivia why someone would not have any desire to kiss her, a beautifulwoman. All through the play Shakespeare edifies his crowd by demonstrating estrangement, whichoccurs when someone is compelled to impersonate an individual who they are most certainly not. Viola/Cesarionot just estranges Olivia and Orsino, however she additionally separates herself from feelingsthat are undefeatable. This makes the characters be in a confounded state and eachbegins to scrutinize their sexuality. Olivia sees herself as an alluring woman,and numerous men have consistently sought after her. Olivia, notwithstanding, has never felt the samepassionate fasci nation towards another man. She at last meets a man, or so shethinks, and he isn't attracted to her. This leaves her to address in the event that she will everfind genuine romance. However come back once more; for thou maybe mayst move that heart which nowabhors, to like his adoration. Through this difficulty Orsino likewise gets befuddled by hissexuality. He sees past Viola/Cesario dress and experiences passionate feelings for her. After afew minutes were Viola/Cesario and Orsino are extremely close he comes to understand that itwould not be ethically option to have sexual energy for another man. He gradually movesaway and starts to scrutinize his emotions. At the point when everything is settled genuine sentiments arefinally exposed, and the characters see both their destinies had genuine romance inthe future. It is sad however that sorrow was because of a basic societalstructure that holds no premise on the planet. .u201c199b331ec4deb09196a083b31e5e , .u201c199b331ec4deb09196a083b31e5e .postImageUrl , .u201c199b331ec4deb09196a083b31e5e .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u201c199b331ec4deb09196a083b31e5e , .u201c199b331ec4deb09196a083b31e5e:hover , .u201c199b331ec4deb09196a083b31e5e:visited , .u201c199b331ec4deb09196a083b31e5e:active { border:0!important; } .u201c199b331ec4deb09196a083b31e5e .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u201c199b331ec4deb09196a083b31e5e { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u201c199b331ec4deb09196a083b31e5e:active , .u201c199b331ec4deb09196a083b31e5e:hover { darkness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u201c199b331ec4deb09196a083b31e5e .focused content region { width: 100%; position: rela tive; } .u201c199b331ec4deb09196a083b31e5e .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-design: underline; } .u201c199b331ec4deb09196a083b31e5e .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u201c199b331ec4deb09196a083b31e5e .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-improvement: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u201c199b331ec4deb09196a083b31e5e:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u201c199b331ec4deb09196a083b 31e5e .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u201c199b331ec4deb09196a083b31e5e-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u201c199b331ec4deb09196a083b31e5e:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Girl EssayMalvolio, a hireling of Olivia, is likewise harmed by an impersonation. Opposite toViola/Cesarios impersonation this one was not done due to legitimate need. The impersonation isexecuted by associates of Malvolio that look for retribution at the manner in which he had beentreating them. Feste the buffoon, Maria, Olivias uncle Sir Toby Belch, and Sir Tobysfriend Sir Andrew Aguecheekwho plan to subvert the honorable, pompousMalvolio. Malvolio is fooled into trusting Olivia is infatuated with him as a result of aletter that said only that. Malvolio accepts the impersonation letter, and hischaracter out of nowhere changes from egotisti cal to cheerful. Tragic woman? I could be tragic. Thisdoes make some check in the blood, this cross-gartering, yet as the genuine sonnetis Please one, and please all.' Shakespeare put this sub-plot to show theaudience how negative guile can be the point at which it is utilized with adoration. At the point when Malvoliodiscovers the detestable stunt he is troubled, and devastated. Madam, you have done mewrong, famous wrong. From Malvolios case one starts to recall examples wherethey have utilized slyness or impersonation for retribution upon someone else. Malvolioscharacter shows the harm that can happen to ones mind. Shakespeare makes it clearthat love is very unstable and ought not be drudged with. One leaves the theatreremembering past circumstances where comparative techniques were utilized; trusting that they hadnot caused harm practically identical to that of Malvolios. Shakespeare digs into waters that were untested all through the Elizabethan time. Heasks the crowd to check whether there is any reason for explicit sex jobs. Theaudience is never astounded all through the entire play, and the tone of every one of thecharacters doesn't vacillate. In any event, when Orsino discovers his best hireling is aman. One must not just gander at the tone of the characters, the tone of the audienceis significant also. I was blessed enough to have the option to go to an introduction ofTwelfth Night at the University of Wisconsin this previous year. Huge numbers of the socialissues concerning Twelfth Night (Homophobia, cross-dressing) despite everything remain prevalentin our general public today. During scenes including gay contact, the crowd didnot appear to be staggered. The crowd seemed to acknowledge that Viola/Cesario was really awoman, and the adoration that epitomized Orsino and Olivia was heedless to sex. Theaudience likewise totally dismissed sex, and c oncurred with Shakespeare that truelove draws no limits. One likewise became mindful that Viola/Cesario could perform thetasks that were asked of her. She even demonstrated to carry out her responsibility especially and becameOrsinos best hireling. The exhibition assaulted the individuals who are uninformed enough tohold assessments that block the headways of

Service Operations Management-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Basic break down of an Organization's Service Quality, Evaluation of any quality hole, and proposals to Improve the Organization Service Competitiveness. Answer: Presentation The workshop depends on the conversation of basics of English relational abilities that are required and is basic in nature too. The relational abilities are basic as this assistance the people to produce appropriate assorted variety in the working environment. The centrality of the correspondence remembers the progression of the innovation is solid for compelling correspondence and this aides in destroying the boundaries that are caused due to the social and language obstructions. Various methods of driving the course The course that was led and driven by me is on the correct and powerful sort of correspondence that is required to be received by all the people in the whole world. I will begin the workshop by giving a legitimate presentation about the whole subject by featuring on the issues that must be settled appropriately. I will distinguish the specific point in basics of English correspondence that must be given appropriate concentration and this will help in making the understudies present in the workshop comprehend about the significance of the correspondence. As indicated by me, the purpose of workshop isn't to sum up the idea of English correspondence however it is the best possible audit on the ideas just as the on the perusing. The various necessities of the workshop are: Points of interest Depiction Presentation of the point I need to begin the class with legitimate presentation on significance of relational abilities in the expert field. This will help me in giving the crowds a concise thought regarding the class. Basics of English correspondence In the wake of giving an appropriate presentation, the concerned theme must be examined in the class with the instances of compelling correspondence in the expert field. This will help me in causing the understudies to comprehend about the various detriments of ill-advised relational abilities (Braine 2014). This is the procedure that will help me in making the subject understood before the crowds by giving various models and occasions as this will help them in having an unmistakable thought regarding the relational abilities. Legitimate setting This is required in driving just as leading a workshop appropriately as this will help me in center around the focal issues identified with the specific circumstance. Legitimate ideas must be used so as to make a decent conversation in the class. Suggesting distinctive conversation starters and models This will help me in driving the course that will help in adding sparkle to the conversation in the workshop. The critical thoughts will be created and models can be given by the members or the crowds in the workshop by giving genuine instances of the issues with ill-advised correspondence as this will make the correspondence procedure increasingly successful and intriguing in nature too. The course that will be driven by me will help me in investigating the issues looked in the class and this will help in making the crowds about the group building idea (Carbaugh 2013). The class will be driven so that this will help in causing the people to comprehend about the best possible procedure of successful correspondence just as the working environment assorted variety that is required in the expanding in the efficiency of the association too. I will incorporate investigation of the best possible correspondence as this will help in diminishing the mistakes that are submitted because of ill-advised correspondence and maintaining a strategic distance from the contentions too. The class will help the people in a constructive manner by giving legitimate strategies that is concerning a specific subject of the compelling correspondence in various establishments alongside associations also (Bargiela-Chiappini and Nickerson 2014). The significant subjects must be examined in the course that will incorporate legitimate data with respect to the advantages of correspondence in killing the hindrances of the correspondence. In the course, the members must be given reasonable possibility as this will help in making the class fascinating in nature. Correspondingly, the members will feel propelled and keen on going to the course as this will give them chances to put their perspectives on the distinctive viability of the procedure of correspondence in the work environment (Chinn 2017). In the class, there should a central visitor who will be giving a talk and a concise thought on the particular theme Fundamentals of English Communication. The visitor instructor will give the members a short thought on the use of viable correspondence in the work environment. This talk will assist with giving the members in the course an away from on the adequacy of the correspondence procedure and this will help in evacuating the misguided judgments about the hindrances of the correspondence procedure also. The thought for the best workshop that can be driven and overseen by me will be beginning with a legitimate early on discourse as this will help in giving the members a short thought regarding the real subject. This will help me in directing the exploration appropriately on the various necessities of the class as this will give the members a legitimate brief and the issues must be featured appropriately. The worries in regards to the subject English correspondence alongside the basics of correspondence must be recognized appropriately too that will help the people in creating some setting about the particular theme. The correct inquiries just as models must be produced as this will help in making the whole conversation fascinating in nature. The members ought to be given reasonable possibility in taking an interest in the course with the genuine instances of the ineffectual correspondence and the issues looked by them in the various fields. The inquiries just as models will start the whole conversation too. Appropriate hands outs can be given to the crowds or the members who are available in the course as this will help them in giving thought regarding the subject that will be examined in the class. The main of a legitimate workshop will give opportunity to everybody in the course to examine about the pertinent issues, advantages and disadvantages identified with the compelling correspondence and incapable correspondence. Legitimate perusing will be done progress of time by the members just as the visitor speaker as this will help in understanding the need of the course and this won't be repetitive in nature too. Prior to beginning the class, legitimate brief can be given to the people to give distinctive important data that can be given by them in the event that they are suitable in nature Ultimately, the workshop will be appropriately finished with making the members fill the reaction structure on whether they loved the course and if there are any sort of changes that are required to be upheld by the class supervisory group. This can help us in making significant and suitable changes that are required to be kept up and this will be actualized from the following course that will be directed also. Finally, the workshop will be finished with an appropriate topping off of the reaction shapes as this will help in understanding the advantages and disadvantages that has been looked by the people who went to the class. The course will be powerful in nature when there will be adequacy even with the members or the crowds who have gone to the meeting. The workshop must be appropriately comprehended with the correct input from the respondents and executing the various strategies that has been recommended by them and this will help them in unraveling such issues too. References Bargiela-Chiappini, F. what's more, Nickerson, C.R., 2014.Writing business: Genres, media and talks. Routledge. Braine, G. ed., 2014.Teaching English to the world: History, educational program, and practice. Routledge. Carbaugh, D., 2013.Cultural correspondence and intercultural contact. Routledge. Chinn, D., 2017. Survey of Interventions to Enhance the Health Communication of People With Intellectual Disabilities: A Communicative Health Literacy Perspective.Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities,30(2), pp.345-359. DiCerbo, P.A., Anstrom, K.A., Baker, L.L. what's more, Rivera, C., 2014. A survey of the writing on showing scholarly English to English language learners.Review of Educational Research,84(3), pp.446-482. Gasparyan, A.Y., Yessirkepov, M., Diyanova, S.N. also, Kitas, G.D., 2015. Distributing morals and ruthless practices: an issue for all partners of science communication.Journal of Korean clinical science,30(8), pp.1010-1016. Kuteeva, M. also, Airey, J., 2014. Disciplinary contrasts in the utilization of English in advanced education: Reflections on late language arrangement developments.Higher Education,67(5), pp.533-549. Pennycook, A., 2017.The social governmental issues of English as a universal language. Taylor Francis. Salager-Meyer, F., 2014. Composing and distributing in fringe insightful diaries: How to upgrade the worldwide impact of multilingual scholars?.Journal of English for Academic Purposes,13, pp.78-82. Spence, P. furthermore, Liu, G.Z., 2013. Designing English and the cutting edge industry: A contextual investigation of an English needs examination of procedure combination engineers at a semiconductor fabricating organization in Taiwan.English for explicit purposes,32(2), pp.97-109.

Everything You Should Know About Conquering a 30-Day Writing Challenge

Everything You Should Know About Conquering a 30-Day Writing Challenge When the National Novel Writing Month (NaNoWriMo) was first launched in 1999 by freelance writer Chris Baty, no one could have guessed how much traction it would gain over the following decades. With 21 writers participating in the original event, within ten years, over 200,000 people would compose a total of over 2.8 billion words. By 2015, 431,626 people participated from 633 different regions.The challenge asks participants to write a 50,000-word manuscript between November 1 and November 30. This is not to be considered a final draft but to meet the contest rules, you have to write 50,000 words in 30 days, and there are checks and balances within the challenge to make sure writers do just that.Basically, its a crash course in helping writers understand the amount of discipline required for productivity and getting a novel completed. The focus is on hitting 50,000 words and writers are encouraged to finish their first draft quickly so that it can later be edited when the challenge is complete. There is no fee to participate in NaNoWriMo. You only have to register and put your best effort into completing it successfully.30-day writing challenges can be a crash course in helping writers understand the amount of discipline required for productivity and getting a novel completed. Photo by STIL on Unsplash.30-day challenges that led to book dealsThe results of a 30-day writing challenge speak for themselves. Since 2006, nearly 400 NaNoWriMo novels have been published via traditional publishing houses and over 200 novels have been published by smaller presses or self-published. Among these titles are books like:Water for Elephants by Sara Gruen, published by Algonquin Books of Chapel HillPersistence of Memory by Amelia Atwater-Rhodes, published by Delacorte PressAnna and the French Kiss by Stephanie Perkins, published by Dutton JuvenileThe Night Circus by Erin Morgenstern, published by DoubledayWool by Hugh Howey, published by Simon SchusterCinder by Marissa Meye r, published by Square FishFangirl by Rainbow Rowell, published by St. Martins PressThe Darwin Elevator by Jason M. Hough, published by Del Rey BooksSide Effects May Vary by Julie Murphy, published by HarperCollins PublishersAssassins Heart by Sarah Ahiers, published by HarperCollins PublishersThe Forest of Hands and Teeth by Carrie Ryan, published by GollanczThe Cut Out by Jack Heath, published by Allen UnwinThe Beautiful Land, by Alan Averill, published by Ace BooksI want to participate, what should I know to prepare?If you plan to participate in the 2010 NaNoWriMo Challenge, here are a few tips to prepare for the enormous task ahead.Be organizedAs with any task, the better organized you are, the more likely youll be to be successful and achieve your goal. So, on the front end, youll need to set a daily word count goal, just like bestselling authors do.November 2019 has 30 days. This means that if youre writing every day, you need to hit a daily word count goal of approximately 1 ,667 words, which is right under what Stephen King sets for himself as a daily word count goal. If you know that there will be days during the month you wont be able to write (Thanksgiving, for example), youll need to factor that in.Dont edit, just writeIn her book Writing Down the Bones: Freeing the Writer Within, which has sold over a million copies, bestselling author Natalie Goldberg advises:Dont cross out. (That is editing as you write. Even if you write something you didnt mean to write, leave it.) Dont worry about spelling, punctuation, grammar. (Dont even care about staying within the margins and lines on the page.) Lose control. Dont think. Dont get logical. Go for the jugular. (If something comes up in your writing that is scary or naked, dive right into it. It probably has lots of energy.Natalie Goldberg, Writing Down the Bones: Freeing the Writer WithinThis advice has been repeated by other bestselling authors, and its well-known within author circles that the best way t o approach writing a book is to write first, edit later. Theres a very logical, scientific reason for it, too. Writers create, using the right side of the brain, while editors analyze, using the left side of the brain. Its two different processes and needs to occur at two different phases of development in your creative endeavors. Since the NaNoWriMo challenge only requires 50,000 words to be written within a month, there is no need to edit yourself. The focus should be placed entirely on the creative process of writing.Do the prep work nowIf you plan to write a fantasy manuscript, the amount of work that goes into worldbuilding on the front-end is daunting, to say the least. This video can get you started on some of the core aspects of worldbuilding.Regardless of genre, if youre not quite sure how to build your main character, this article is a good starting point for learning about the Heros Journey and the steps that are traditionally included in it. Since all great stories follo w a similar heroic arc, its a good idea to know this arc before creating your own hero.Additionally, a lot of writers have seen a lot of success with using The Snowflake Method. If you dont have a ton of experience in story drafting or plotting, the Snowflake Method is an easy way to get your story on the page. This article is a basic tutorial on how to approach the Snowflake Method to get your story outlined before the NaNoWriMo challenge gets started, and is good information to know on the front-end of any attempt at writing a story.Consider creating a scene listWhile a scene list is not required for writing a novel, some writers, like author J.K. Rowling, swear by them. If you want to create a scene list before your 30-day writing challenge, this article is a great resource for learning what a scene list is and how to make one.Let your friends and family know what youre doingAmerican author Jessamyn West once said, Writing is a solitary occupation. Family, friends, and society ar e the natural enemies of the writer. He must be alone, uninterrupted, and slightly savage if he is to sustain and complete an undertaking.There is a lot of truth in this statement, and its perhaps a reason why writers throughout history have been notoriously crummy spouses and parents. In fact, being able to balance ones work and family life as a writer is an obstacle many writers admit to facing, so to prepare yourself for any 30-day writing challenge, youll need to understand this simple truth on the front-end. Especially if you have a full-time job outside of your writing endeavors, you should have the conversation with your significant other and family members so they understand the amount of privacy youll need to get 50,000 words on the page within 30 days.Being able to balance ones work and family life as a writer is an obstacle many writers admit to facing, so to prepare yourself for any 30-day writing challenge, youll need to understand this simple truth on the front-end. Ph oto by Sai De Silva on Unsplash.Anyone who has ever attempted to write a novel with multiple distractions around them understands that its simply difficultâ€"if not impossibleâ€"to do. Writing takes focus, and when youre not given the space and time to make that happen, youll only be frustrated with the whole process and likely fall short of your goals.Since the 30-day writing challenge is incredibly brief in the scheme of things (most writers take many months, even years, to complete a novel), this shouldnt be a difficult sacrifice for your friends and loved onesâ€"especially if they understand how important writing is to you and the passion you have for accomplishing the personal goal of getting a book written and published. A little communication goes a long way in preempting any potential problems that could arise during the middle of your 30-day writing challenge, so make sure you take the time to explain to everyone why this is important to you and how they can help you succee d.A final thoughtIf youre serious about getting a book written and published, taking on a challenge like the NaNoWriteMo is better than any writing class you could take. It will show you the enormous amount of discipline and creative effort that goes into writing a novel and set you on the path to better writing habits in the future.Even if your manuscript is incredibly rough around the edges and needs a lot of editing, youve still done the hardest part of getting a book written, which is making that first rough draft. Youll end the 30-day challenge with a fresh perspective on your abilities as a writer and more passion to continue your goal of finding success in your creative efforts. Soâ€"what are you waiting for?

F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby - A Tarnished...

The Great Gatsby: A Tarnished American Dream Thesis: In his influential book The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald recognizes and describes many of the less alluring characteristics of the 1920s and the pursuit of the American Dream including dysfunctional relationships, materialism and classism. The American dream states that people can work themselves up from rags to riches by hard work.1 For this reason, the new society has developed dreams of the blind pursuit of material, wealth, and economic success. F. Scott Fitzgerald realizes this big change in society, and considering the fact that he is a fighter for the old values, this novelist tries to warn people not to continue this wrong way. The ideal†¦show more content†¦Some of these people look for a more luxurious life, while others just marry for convenience. For instance, Myrtle Wilson holds an extramarital relationship with Tom Buchanan, for he can provide her with luxuries that her own husband cannot afford, and both Tom and Myrtle make Wilson appear like a fool, because he thinks she goes to see her sister in New York (Fitzgerald, 30), while Myrtle is actually going to meet with her lover, whom she regrets marrying. Actually, she even expresses inconformity with their marriage, for The onl y crazy I [Myrtle] was when I married him [George]. I knew right away I made a mistake. (Fitzgerald, 41) In addition, carelessness is also present when Daisys attitude makes Gatsby believe that she will wait for him until he comes back from war. However, she marries Tom because I [Gatsby] was poor and she was tired of waiting for me. It was a terrible mistake, but in her heart she never loved anyone except me! (Fitzgerald, 137) People who get married for interest, like Daisy did when she got married to Tom, prove the carelessness existing in the 1920s in American society when dealing with relationships. Another proof of carelessness for the person, with whom they hold a relationship with, is Tom and MyrtlesShow MoreRelated Death of a Dream in Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay1480 Words   |  6 PagesGatsby and the Death of a Dream      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald creates the roaring twenties by showing the division of society.   The Buchanans live on one side, East Egg, and Jay Gatsby lives on the other side, West Egg.   The Buchanans belong to the socialites, yet their lives have no meaning.   Gatsby tries to chase the American Dream, yet his idea is tarnished.   He throws parties to try and fit in with the socialites.  Ã‚   Gatsbys pursuit of the American Dream is doomed because he triesRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay1546 Words   |  7 Pageshad seen before. In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald imbues a story with many themes and qualities from his own life, reflected in the parallels between his own history and that of Gatsby and Nick Carraway. With new, unbridled, booming economic growth, what started as the Great American Dream became a vulgar, empty, greedy pursuit of material goods. On top of this rise in national wealth, the addition of disillusione d World War I veterans looking to grab the American Dream and use it to hoist themselvesRead MoreElizabeth Barrett Browning And F. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby984 Words   |  4 PagesThe universal values portrayed through the texts ‘Sonnets from the Portuguese’ (1845) by Elizabeth Barrett Browning and F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel ‘The Great Gatsby’ (1926) highlight the similar and different intertextual perspectives and values relevant to the Victorian Era and 1920 s Jazz Age. Both composers offer compelling critiques of their society dedicating thematic concerns of the restorative power of hope and courtly idealised love. Through numerous literal techniques, substantial diversityRead MoreExamples Of The American Dream In The Great Gatsby1227 Words   |  5 PagesOrosco Mrs. Russell IB English 17 November 2017 The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote The Great Gatsby as a satire on American ideals during the 1920s. He shows just how careless everyone is at the time by setting them up in the community of East and West Egg. Fitzgerald portrays two major themes throughout the book. One of the themes is how The American dream is corrupted by the desire for wealth while the other is how The achievement of a dream may be less satisfying than the pursuit of itRead More Contradictions in the Great Gatsby Essay1623 Words   |  7 PagesContradictions in the Great Gatsby They were known as the roaring twenty’s because the economy at the time was through the roof and people were partying all over the place. At the time there was a prohibition on the manufacturing and sales of intoxicating drinks. Since a lot of people did not feel like drinking gin they made in their bathtubs all the time, there was a huge market for organized crime. Organized criminals catered to the needs of the drinking public by illegally supplying themRead MoreFitzgerald’s Use of Color in the Great Gatsby2583 Words   |  11 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald’s classic novel, The Great Gatsby, exposes the corruption and greed of the Roaring Twenties. Fitzgerald is able to captivate readers attentions through his employment of color symbolism. Fitzgerald portrays important messages in the novel by his symbolic use of colors. Colors play an important role in Fitzgerald’s descriptions of the lives of Jay Gatsby, Nick Carraway and many of the other characters in the novel. Fitzgerald uses the colors white, yellow, and green to expressRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1152 Words   |  5 Pagespast. This feeling of nostalgia gives one the illusion, or idea, that the past is a greater and happier time than the present. For some, such as Gatsby in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby, the yearning for the past filled with flourishing dreams and idea ls is strong enough for them to strive to repeat it. Jay Gatsby’s idealism of the American dream lies in the past with Daisy. To have Daisy’s love is to have her wealth and the possibility of being able to achieve anything. However, in theRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1577 Words   |  7 Pagesand the novels themes such as the novel written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby. In this novel, the character and the narrator Nick Carraway describes the mystery and puzzles of his past neighbor, and also the main character, Jay Gatsby. Gatsby is a multimillion tycoon who is madly in love with Daisy Buchanan, an amazing, upper-class woman with whom he had been together with, years prior. She is now married to a man named Tom Buchanan. Gatsby dedicates his whole life to picking up money andRead MoreThe American Dream In The Great Gatsby Essay1158 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"It is the elusive Gatsby, the cynical idealist, who embodies America in all of its messy glory.† Clearly as Adam Cohen asserts in his New York Times article â€Å"Jay Gatsby, Dreamer, Criminal, Jazz Age Rogue, Is a Man for Our Times†, this phenomenon is indeed true in that the American Dream is presented in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby as an idea that has been depraved into a dream characterized by the constant shift in ethics and fraudulence centered around materialistic visions of opulenceRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1653 Words   |  7 Pagesto work hard—an American Dream. The American Dream is defined as someone starting low on the economic or social level, and working hard towards prosperity and or wealth and fame. Establishing fame, becoming wealthy, having lavish luxuries, and a happy family would come to symbolize this dream. For some, however, striving for and realizing that dream ruined them, as many acquired wealth only to pursue pleasure. Even though the characters in F. Scott Fitzgeraldâ €™s, The Great Gatsby appear to relish

The Prevalence Of Type 2 Diabetes - 1440 Words

The increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes is causing huge health problem through out the world including developed countries. Mostly people with low income groups are affected in developed countries (Zimmet 2001).The magnitude of the healthcare problem of type 2 diabetes results mainly from its association with obesity and cardiovascular risk factors. Indeed, type 2 diabetes has now been identified as one manifestation of the â€Å"metabolic syndrome†, a condition characterised by insulin resistance and associated with a range of cardiovascular factors (Jonathan 2003) According to Zimmet (2001), about 150 million people in the world have been suffering with diabetes and it would be 300 million by 2025. Another interesting study by AusDiab in 2000 revelead that 7.4% of the population aged 25 or over had diabetes (type 2 in 90%) Since 1981, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has increased to twice in and the total number of cases has increased threefold in Australia (Dunstain 2002).Although type 2 diabetes is effecting all races,it was identified highly in south Asians and also worlds one-third diabetic population is from indian continent ( Jean 2008). According to the report from Centre for Disease Control and Prevention in United states of America, nearly 25.8 million people have been affected by diabetes in 2010 with 90- 95% of them being type 2 DM (CDC 2011). However, type 2 diabetes mellitus which is characterized by the deficiency and resistance of theShow MoreRelatedPrevalence Of Type 2 Diabetes2117 Words   |  9 PagesPrevalence o f type 2 diabetes is on the rise globally, currently affecting about 366 million individual worldwide (3). One fifth of the world’s population is the South Asian community, which shockingly has the highest prevalence of type 2 diabetes, globally. (1,4). â€Å"Type 2 diabetes is group of metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both† (Hunter, 1999, pg.#). Type 2 diabetes is also known as Non-Insulin Dependent DiabetesRead MoreThe Prevalence And Incidence Of Type 2 Diabetes Essay1664 Words   |  7 PagesA. Statement of the Problem The prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes are increasing worldwide, particularly in devel-oping countries, in conjunction with increased obesity rates and westernization of lifestyle (In-zucchi et al., 2012). The economic burden for health care systems is skyrocketing, owing to the costs associated with treatment and diabetes complications. Type 2 diabetes remains a leading cause of cardiovascular disorders, blindness, end-stage renal failure, amputations, and hospitali-zationsRead MoreThe Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes among African-American Women394 Words   |  2 PagesTo the Editor Type 2 Diabetes prevalence among African-American women It has been an established fact that of all the minority groups, the African-Americans have or are predisposed to the most health risks. They are unfortunately combated by more disabilities, diseases and the phenomenon of early death than the other minority groups. This fact is exacerbated by the sheer lack of health care or the obtaining of the health care required later than is appropriate. This indicates that some healthRead MoreFactors Affecting Prevalence And Treatment Outcomes Of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus1005 Words   |  5 PagesFactors Affecting Prevalence and Treatment Outcomes of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Rwanda Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic condition in which the pancreas no longer produces enough Insulin (impaired insulin secretion) or cells stop responding to the insulin that is produced (insulin resistance) resulting in increased blood glucose (â€Å"Endocrine System.† Internal Medicine Clinical Treatment Guidelines. Republic of Rwanda Ministry of Health, 2012 ). SymptomsRead MoreDiabetes : The Common Chronic Disorders1737 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION: Diabetes is one of the most common chronic disorders in UK [1]. According to Silverman, more than 2.6 million people in UK are diabetic as according to data collected from GP practices and more than 5 million obese people are registered to GP practices. So One in ten people are getting treatment for obesity and one in 20 are getting treatment for diabetes [2]. It is estimated that more than 5% men and more than 4% women in England are found to have diagnosed diabetes. While, 3% menRead MoreEssay about The Rise Children with Diabetes in the United States641 Words   |  3 Pagesin many other countries around the world more children are being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. In the past, children who were diagnosed with diabetes were diagnosed with type 1. Type 1 diabetes affects many children in which they are unable to produce insulin. However, as times have changed children are now being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes which is a chronic illness that usually affects adults. Type 2 di abetes develops when the person is not able to produce enough insulin, and if insulin isRead MoreDiabetes Case Study1292 Words   |  6 Pagesthere any ethnic difference in the prevalence of diabetes as well or is the difference only geographical? Which ethnic groups have an increased prevalence and why? Based on geography and ethnicity. Africa An estimated 14.2 (9.5-29.4†¡) million adults aged 20-79 have diabetes in the Africa Region, representing a regional prevalence of 2.1-6.7%.The Africa Region has the highest proportion of undiagnosed diabetes; over two thirds (66.7%) of people with diabetes are unaware they have the diseaseRead MoreHigh Incidence Of Early Onset Type 2 Diabetes1613 Words   |  7 PagesThe High Incidence of Early-Onset Type 2 Diabetes Introduction Diabetes is a metabolic body condition in which the pancreas is unable to secrete enough insulin, hence leading to increased levels of blood sugar. Age, genetics, weight and ethnicity are the four main risk factors of Type 2 diabetes. Common symptoms include frequent urination, persistent fatigue, slow healing process for cuts and wounds and blurred vision. 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In 2014, 422Read MoreEssay about High Prices of Healthy Foods Prevents Control of Diabetes1247 Words   |  5 PagesMost of the individuals living with Type 2 Diabetes in these low income areas know they have to eat healthier foods in order to control the illness and reduce the risk of getting worse, but they are often confounded by the distance they had to travel in order to buy the healthier foods from the health market, unaffordable prices of buying a healthier nutritious food, and the means of travel to get to the market. Chaufan, Davis, Constantino (2011), noted that disproportionate risk is caused by living

The Yellow Wallpaper a Stifling Relationship - 1609 Words

Husband-Doctor: A Stifling Relationship In Gilmans the Yellow Wallpaper At the beginning of The Yellow Wallpaper, the protagonist, Jane, has just given birth to a baby boy. Although for most mothers a newborn infant is a joyous time, for others, like Jane, it becomes a trying emotional period that is now popularly understood to be the common disorder, postpartum depression. For example, Jane describes herself as feeling a lack of strength (Colm, 3) and as becoming dreadfully fretful and querulous (Jeannette and Morris, 25). In addition, she writes, I cry at nothing and cry most of the time (Jeannette and Morris, 23). However, as the term postpartum depression was not in the vocabulary of this time period, John, Janes†¦show more content†¦However, the text of Janes diary not only reveals Janes awareness that John is manipulating her, it also provides evidence that she has learned to turn the tables on his supposed authority. As Greg Johnson has pointed out, Janes descriptions of John are typically sarcastic and mocking (524). For instance, even as Gilman makes it clear that Jane recognizes Johns forced captivity as mainly to blame for her continued illnessÂâ€"I wish he would take me away from here!Ââ€"immediately after this entreaty, Jane writes It is so hard to talk with John about my case, because he is so wise, and because he loves me so (Roudiez). For John, that of which he is not in strict control, such as Janes writing (Kristeva), is considered absurd precisely because it reduces his power. The idea that there is such a thing, for example, as ghostliness is inconceivable to John because it cannot be felt and seen. Therefore, he refuses to even listen to Janes thoughts on the topic. For instance, when she tried to have a real earnest reasonable talk with him the other day, and tell him how [she] wish[ed] he would let [her] go and make a visit to Cousin Henry and Julia (Kristeva), John disallows such an action as it would constitute a break in the schedule he had, in his patronizing belief that Father knows best, set for her. Rather than consider the potential validity of Janes suggestion, dear John gathered me up in hisShow MoreRelated The Yellow Wallpaper: A Stifling Relationship1551 Words   |  7 Pages Husband-Doctor: A Stifling Relationship In Gilman’s â€Å"the Yellow Wallpaper† At the beginning of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, the protagonist, Jane, has just given birth to a baby boy. Although for most mothers a newborn infant is a joyous time, for others, like Jane, it becomes a trying emotional period that is now popularly understood to be the common disorder, postpartum depression. For example, Jane describes herself as feeling a â€Å"lack of strength† (Colm, 3) and as becoming â€Å"dreadfully fretful andRead More`` The Yellow Wallpaper `` And `` It s A Girl ``1651 Words   |  7 PagesPerkins Gilmans, who wrote â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† to challenge the ideals of society and their treatment towards women. Gilman, faced with the discriminatory and prejudiced challenges of her gender, her childhood shadowed and pelted on with poverty, and her mind plagued with the constant, deafening humming of nervous postpartum depression, unambiguously determined that she was going to raise her voice against constant chattering of chauvinist v alues. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a direct echo of Gilman’sRead MoreThe Witch Trail Of The Salem Witch Trails1529 Words   |  7 Pagesthis time, shows that although middle class women had the freedom to pursue domestic endeavors, they still remain subjugated by patriarchal standards. In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† Gilman shows that the narrator is oppressed, through expectations of marriage, relationships with her husband and her sister in law, and her connection to the wallpaper. First, Gillman uses the marriage between the protagonist and her husband John to illustrate oppression through control. John’s role as her husband and physicianRead MoreComparison between The Yellow Wallpaper and A Rose for Emily969 Words   |  4 Pagesstories, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner, both female protagonists, experience a time of seclusion leading to self- realization. Hence, both of these pieces of literature illustrate the troubles of women in a male-dominated society. As a result, both characters experience oppression by overbearing male influences and are physically and emotionally isolated. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† take place inRead More The Yellow Wall-Paper1302 Words   |  6 PagesIn the â€Å"The Yellow Wall-paper,† the author, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, writes about a struggling mentally ill woman, named Jane, trying to work through her individuality and her own depression. This story is centered around her bedroom, her mental state, and the yellow wall-paper on the walls in her room. The reader can easily feel the pain, anguish, despair, and struggles of a woman going through a depressive state. Gilman writes about the individual succession of the woman’s mental state throughRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1442 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† Charlotte Perkins Gilman was one of the most prominent feminists of her century. She brilliantly created a haunting and gothic allegory in her short story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper.† It was difficult for women to express themselves in a male dominant society, and they would often try to seek greater fulfillment. Gilman takes her audience through her unnamed character’s journey of emotional deterioration, and her quest for control over her own life. The author’s allegory for theRead MoreBehind The Walls Of A Bad Marriage1425 Words   |  6 PagesAmy Paul English 1B Lerma 3 March 2015 Word Count: 1407 Behind the Walls of a Bad Marriage Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a startling representation of 19th century gender inequality and how it affected women in their marriages. It illustrates the way women of the 19th century were treated as subordinates in their relationships with men, and the negative psychological side effects this often had. The narrator, who remains nameless throughout the story, finds herself trappedRead MoreThe Influence of Masculine Gender Roles in The Yellow Wallpaper1697 Words   |  7 PagesInterpretive Essay on The Yellow Wallpaper The Yellow Wallpaper tells the story of a woman living in the nineteenth century who suffers from postpartum depression. The true meaning implicit in Charlottes story goes beyond a simple psychological speculation. The story consists of a series of cleverly constructed short paragraphs, in which the author illustrates, through the unnamed protagonists experiences, the possible outcome of womens acceptance of mens supposed intellectual superiorityRead MoreCharlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"the Yellow Wallpaper†: the Use of Symbolism to Express the Psychological, Sexual, and Creative Oppression Experienced by Women in the Twentieth Century3480 Words   |  14 PagesAmber Gonzalez 12/6/11 English 2213 Melissa Whitney Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†: The Use of Symbolism to Express The Psychological, Sexual, and Creative Oppression Experienced by Women In The Twentieth Century Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† in the late 1800’s while being treating by the very trusted Weir Mitchell. During this time women were commonly admitted into the care of doctors by their husbands without their given consent. At this timeRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper and Feminism2126 Words   |  9 Pagesshortcomings that history has given them. In Charlotte Perkin Gilman’s short story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† the dominance of a patriarchal society is exposed. The verisimilitude of Gilman’s imagery of the setting lengthily describes the isolation and confinement of the narrator and their effects on her. The house she is staying in is her own prison, and is a symbol of her isolation from society. Her room with the yellow wallpaper is another representation of the narrator’s oppression and her ambition to break

Leadership and Management for Nobel Peace Prize - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theLeadership and Management for Nobel Peace Prize. Answer: Mother Teresa or Saint Teresa of Calcutta was an Albanian-Indian Catholic Nun born in 26th August 1910. Mother Teresa was born in Skopje presently the capital of Masedonia. Mother Teresa lived in Masedonia for about 18 years then she moved to India, where she spent all his life. Mother Teresa founded the Missionaries of Charity in 1950, which consists of more than 4500 sisters and was actively part of 133 countries in the year 2012. Mother Teresa worked for the people who were dying of HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Leprosy. The charity work of Mother Teresa aimed at eradicating poverty from the society. Teresa received a number of honours for helping the society, which includes Nobel Peace Prize that she won in 1979 (McBrien, 2015). Mother Teresa has a number of qualities that might have helped her in becoming a good corporate leader. A good corporate leader is characterised by good self-awareness, fairness to all, enthusiasm, integrity, knowledge, decisiveness etc (Du et al., 2013). Mother Teresa has almost every quality in her. The leadership style that Mother Teresa had can be identifies as situational leadership style (Antonakis Day, 2017). She used to take decision or help the people according to their present situation. Mother Teresa made plans for everyone about how to help them and then she implements those plans accordingly. She was understanding, caring and was always ambitious to help the society in whatever way possible. She used to provide enough food, clothing, room for the elderly people, and medicine for the sick people and she made sure that everyone who is in urgent need for help get help from her. Some of the reason why she would have been a good corporate leader is: Determination: She was very much concerned with the increased poverty in India. Her main aim was to eradicate the poverty from the Indian soil. The determination that she had would help her in running an MNC successfully. Effective and inspiring: Mother Teresa not only helped the society by fulfilling the needs of the people but she also inspired many youths to help others for betterment of the society. The inspiring ability that she had would help her in inspiring the employee of the MNCs to work for achieving the goals of the organisation. Courageous: She was courageous and willing to take risks and chances. To run a MNC successfully a corporate leader should always take chances to improve their organisation and mother Teresa had this quality in her. Confident: Mother Teresa was confident about her works and a Corporate Leader of a MNC should be confident about what they are doing. A corporate leader should be aware and confident about each steps and Mother Teresa was very much confident about all the decisions she took. Intelligent: A corporate leader should be intelligent so that they can assess the future of the organisation and should set the goals accordingly. Mother Teresa was intelligent, which was very much evident from his work, this would have helped her in taking effective organisational decisions. The only issue that her leadership style would have come up against is the lack of effective control. Effective controlling of resources and workforce is very necessary in the MNCs, which was not there in Mother Teresas leadership style (Cero, 2018). References: Antonakis, J., Day, D. V. (Eds.). (2017).The nature of leadership. Sage publications. Certo, S. C. (2018).Supervision: Concepts and skill-building. McGraw-Hill Education. Du, S., Swaen, V., Lindgreen, A., Sen, S. (2013). The roles of leadership styles in corporate social responsibility.Journal of business ethics,114(1), 155-169. McBrien, R. P. (2015).Lives of the saints: from Mary and St. Francis of Assisi to John XXIII and Mother Teresa. HarperCollins.

Lucretia Rudolph Garfield Essays - Lucretia Garfield,

Lucretia Rudolph Garfield Lucretia Rudolph Garfield 1832-1918 In the fond eyes of her husband, President James A. Garfield, Lucretia "grows up to every new emergency with fine tact and faultless taste." She proved this in the eyes of the nation, though she was always a reserved, self-contained woman. She flatly refused to pose for a campaign photograph, and much preferred a literary circle or informal party to a state reception. Her love of learning she acquired from her father, Zeb Rudolph, a leading citizen of Hiram, Ohio, and devout member of the Disciples of Christ. She first met "Jim" Garfield when both attended a nearby school, and they renewed their friendship in 1851 as students at the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute, founded by the Disciples. But "Crete" did not attract his special attention until December 1853, when he began a rather cautious courtship, and they did not marry until November 1858, when he was well launched on his career as a teacher. His service in the Union Army from 1861 to 1863 kept them apart; their first child, a daughter, died in 1863. But after his first lonely winter in Washington as a freshman Representative, the family remained together. With a home in the capital as well as one in Ohio they enjoyed a happy domestic life. A two-year-old son died in 1876, but five children grew up healthy and promising; with the passage of time, Lucretia became more and more her husband's companion. In Washington they shared intellectual interests with congenial friends; she went with him to meetings of a locally celebrated literary society. They read together, made social calls together, dined with each other and traveled in company until by 1880 they were as nearly inseparable as his career permitted. Garfield's election to the Presidency brought a cheerful family to the White House in 1881. Though Mrs. Garfield was not particularly interested in a First Lady's social duties, she was deeply conscientious and her genuine hospitality made her dinners and twice-weekly receptions enjoyable. At the age of 49 she was still a slender, graceful little woman with clear dark eyes, her brown hair beginning to show traces of silver. In May she fell gravely ill, apparently from malaria and nervous exhaustion, to her husband's profound distress. "When you are sick," he had written her seven years earlier, "I am like the inhabitants of countries visited by earthquakes." She was still a convalescent, at a seaside resort in New Jersey, when he was shot by a demented assassin on July 2. She returned to Washington by special train--"frail, fatigued, desperate," reported an eyewitness at the White House, "but firm and quiet and full of purpose to save." During the three months her husband fought for his life, her grief, devotion, and fortitude won the respect and sympathy of the country. In September, after his death, the bereaved family went home to their farm in Ohio. For another 36 years she led a strictly private but busy and comfortable life, active in preserving the records of her husband's career. She died on March 14, 1918. Bibliography Whitehouse.gov/wh/glimpse.firstladies/html/firstladies.html

Labor Demand Essays - Marginal Concepts, Production Economics

Labor Demand Essays - Marginal Concepts, Production Economics Labor Demand In light of the limits that have been placed on this answer I will only focus my comments on the demand for labor and on the other hand the supply of labor. First the demand for labor. This is to me by far the most interesting aspect of the course. Labor demand is derived from the firms desire to maximize profits. This is a basic assumption of labor demand. Will the firms continually try to make changes that will improve the profitability of the firm? We assume that yes they will. Firms are basically price takers. Now their main decision is what quantity of their product to produce. This is because as they hire more people they basically increase output so the decision hire more people and the decision to produce more are basically the same decision. The optimal output will equate marginal revenue with marginal cost. Marginal revenue is the product price in a purely competitive market. Marginal cost is therefore the cost to produce that unit. MPl is the change in output of the firm. What happens when a firm decides to produce more? They must hire more labor assuming that capital remains constant. If a firm could continuously hire more peole and increase their MRP then we would live in a utopian society with no unemployment and peace and happiness everywhere. But alas we live in a world with diminishing returns and as the firm highers more people it reaches a pont where each new person costs a little more when compared with their output then the person hired before them. A good example of this is digging a hole 4 feet by 8feet by 6feet . One person would do it in about half the time that two people could do it. But three people would not do it in one third of the time. This loss in efficiency is what I am talking about. In fact soon you couldnt fit all of he people into the hole and it would be so cramped that it would atually take longer to finish the hole. If this happened then they would have a negative marginal product of labor. So the firm should keep hiring people until its marginal revenue product exceeds its marginal expense. But can they get people to come to their camp? Some time scarcity in the labor force pushes the wage ratre up and this increases the marginal expense this will shift the employment level and reduce the amount that the firm is willing to hire unless at the same time marginal revenue product goes up. This will have the opposite effect and keep employment up. But under most circumstances one of these moves more than the other and a new equilibrium is found. What this can really be used for in my personal life is the determination of wages. Before this class I had no idea how I would decide how may people to hire. Now I know that if I hire two people for 10 dollars per hour then they had better be adding at least x*$10 per hour to my company. What a bonus it was to end up taking your class and have something that I can immediatley put to use in the real world. Now I will comment on the supply of labor. A lot of this is intuitive. I understood it without knowing why or how. It just feels right. If the salries for all markets except one are held constant and that markets average wage increases then we should see a rise in the supply of people willing to be secretaries. What I find intersting about this is that this increase in the supply of secretaries should lower the amount of money that the employer is willing to pay. What stabilizes higer wages are other factors. Such as the cost of training and finding new employees just to name a couple. Sometimes the labor supply will decrese while the demand for labor increases this will result in magnified wage increases. This is because the firms in that market have to compete more ferociously for labor and since demand for their product is high they are willing to

External Analysis of My Company & PEST Analysis Research Paper

External Analysis of My Company & PEST Analysis - Research Paper Example Economic Factors People’s level of income to choose from cheaper substitutes, prices of raw material Social Factors Taste and demand for chocolates in a particular region Technological factors Introduction of new processes and methods of production The company’s environmental analysis can be undertaken by the help of PEST analysis. Since Hershey operates globally, it is important to emphasize that the local factors affecting the company differ in various regions. However, there are general environmental factors which include political factors. These factors can affect the operations of the company as, for instance, the government of the region where Hershey operates amends its policy relating to export and import strategy or may introduce any other changes ultimately affecting the operations of the company. On the other hand, laws, such as labor or consumer goods laws, in any region can also affect the company. To better illustrate the aforesaid with example, it has to be noted that today Hershey has developed its presence in Canada and Mexico due to NAFTA (Smith 132). Economic factors like any changes in the economy, such as prices of sugar, harvest of cocoa etc., can affect the company as well (Smith 132). The standard of living and the income of the people in the region will also affect the company’s sales; it means that people in less developed countries may consume less chocolate than they used to do before economic changes. Social factors, such as people’s taste (for instance, higher demand for dark chocolate over white chocolate), will affect company’s target in some particular market. Finally, technological factors, such as advancements in technological process and new ways of chocolate manufacturing, can also affect the company (â€Å"Annual Report† 4, 7). Industry Analysis FORCES INTENSITY Threats of new entrants Low Bargaining power of suppliers High Bargaining power of customers Low Pressure from substitute products High Rivalry High Nowadays the chocolate industry seems to be stagnant with insufficient number of powerful players entering the market because of the large capital requirements and strict regulations; however, the existing major players have captured their markets well. There is severe competition among existing giants. High dependency on the suppliers for cocoa beans, which are mostly found in Africa (70%), makes the position of a supplier within the industry stronger. On the other hand, the customers are usually dealt with via retail chains, which doesn’t give them an opportunity to take a strong enough position to control prices (â€Å"Annual Report† 5). Competitor Analysis The competition within the industry is highly intense. In order to win a market share the competitors try to independently expand their markets. In addition to the direct competition from within, the industry has to face indirect competition from outside. Snack foods, cereal, ice cream manufacturers are quite successful in grabbing the same market as well. Some of the competitors of Hershey are Mars, Nestle, General Mills, Hain Celestial Group, and Kraft etc. (Michman and Mazze 205). Market Analysis GLOBAL MARKER SHARE OF DIFFERENT COMPANIES Company Market share Cadbury and Kraft 14.8% Mars 14.6% Nestle 7.8% Hershey 4.6% Ferrero 4.5% Others 4.9% (â€Å"

Also related to Electronic Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Also related to Electronic Engineering - Essay Example If the average mission time for the vehicle to go submerged and returned to surface is 1 day and 12 hours, compute the reliability of this control system for the mission. (ii) Compare the reliability of a single oxygen control system and that of the â€Å"duplicate†ystem above given the same individual component specifications and operating conditions, inclusive of mission time. EMI or Electromagnetic interference is a naturally occurring phenomenon when the electromagnetic field of one particle or device interrupts, hinders or corrupts the electromagnetic field of another particle or device by coming into proximity with it. While EMC or Electromagnetic Compatibility is the capability of a system to work in its own electromagnetic environment without creating any kind of electromagnetic disturbances to any other system in that environment. Broadband Interference is interference which has a broad spectral energy distribution and exhibits a wide frequency range. It is normally measured in "decibels above one microvolt (or microampere) per Megahertz"   e.g., dBuV/MHz or dBuA/MHz. On the other hand, Narrowband Interference has its principal spectral range confined to a specific frequency or frequencies.   This type of interference is usually produced by an oscillator circuit which contains energy only at the frequency of oscillation and harmonics of that frequency.   It is normally measured in "decibels above one microvolt (or microampere)", e.g., dBuV or dBuA.   The first sources of EMI are the Ground Loop Systems in the electronic equipments like the audio / video systems. This is a common problem when connecting multiple audio-visual system components together, there is an interruption of audio signals which cause a humming noise in the audio signals and produces interference bars to picture. At times, this can eventually damage the equipment. The second source of

Change management situation in a Police organisation

Change management situation in a Police organisation This essay will analyse a change management situation in a Police organisation, comparing approaches to leadership, analysing the efficiency of interpersonal skills for a Leader and analysing the role of a Leader within the Police environment, taking cognisance of the principles, theories and approaches to Leadership. Leadership is a function of knowing yourself, having a vision that is well communicated, building trust among colleagues, and taking effective action to realise your own leadership potential. The Police service in Scotland has under gone many Change Management Situations over the years. In 1975 the Local Government reorganisation brought about the amalgamation of the Burgh and City police forces into the eight territorial forces that we recognise today. At the present Strathclyde Police are undergoing a significant change management situation, the result of which is the implementation of Variable Shift Agreement (VSA) across the force at operational level. EVALUATE APPROACHES TO LEADERSHIP The introduction of the VSA saw the force revise its traditional four group system for core uniform coverage into a five group system. The demands of the new arrangement meant that the leader (Chief Constable) was tasked with altering the resource management for each of Strathclydes territorial divisions considering factors such as: Length of Service and age Specialities i.e. Public Order , Firearms Gender These factors were all considered to provide an equal share of skills and experience across a Division as possible. This could prove the cause of friction between the management and subordinates, as well formed; productive shifts could be fragmented and divided up across a division. Kotter (1990, cited in Leadership 2009) observed that managers and leaders have three main tasks that they accomplish in different ways: Deciding what needs to be done Shift pattern must change to give better work life balance, better service to the public and more efficient use of resources. Creating networks of people and relationships that can accomplish the agenda Setting up of a review and implementation team, looking at best use of resources. Trying to ensure that people actually do the job monitoring the results of the newly formed shifts through Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) such as cases submitted, stop searches undertaken and absence management. In the implementation of the VSA shift pattern the leader involved, more or less followed the three tasks as observed by Kotter, however depending on the leaders rank within the hierarchy, their approach to the same task will differ. Remembering that there is a difference between leaders and managers Kotters approach allows Leaders to concentrate on the creation of strategies and visions for the future, communicating and committing to achievement of these visions and motivating others despite obstacles to change. During this change management situation the Leader was more concerned with focusing on the implementation of the VSA rather than focusing on the needs of the employees. Lewin et al (1939, cited in Leadership 2009) identified a leadership approach, sometimes referred to as the behavioural approach: Autocratic (or authoritarian) style where the leader concentrates on getting the job done; the leader takes responsibility for everything that is done e.g. making decisions , allocating work, setting targets and ensures , through the use of rewards and punishments that team members obey. Democratic (or participation) style where the leader concentrates on the needs of the group or team; leadership is shared with team members who have a greater say in the decision making; how tasks are allocated and so on. Laissez Faire (or delegative) style as its name suggests this is where the leader deliberately allows the team to decide what has to be done and how to do it; the leader is available for help and advice if needed but does not interfere. According to Lewin et al the leader utilised an autocratic style of leadership when implementing the VSA, controlling decision making and task setting. Shown with the formation of the VSA implementation team. They had the set task of rolling out the shift plan to each division in turn, with target dates set for this roll out. Furthermore, the Chief Constable regularly chaired a strategic tasking and co-ordinating group, receiving feedback from the implementation team and Divisional Commanders, whilst making all the decisions regarding the implementation, without handing any of these decisions down to subordinates to undertake, showing that in this case he was taking responsibility for everything that was done. A different approach to leadership is that of Hersey and Blanchard (1988, cited in Leadership 2009) theory known as situational leadership, they make use of observing members willingness to perform a task and from this select a suitable leadership style. The four stages of readiness are described as: R1 unable and unwilling R2 unable and willing R3 able but unwilling R4 able and willing Most personnel which would be affected fell into: R2 New Probationers who do not yet have the necessary skills and had not experience any other shift pattern. And R3 More experienced officers who could foresee that the shift pattern was not as favourable as the current one, some possibly resistant to change. But others able to argue that there would be problems with child care, longer working days and frequent cancellation of rest days with the VSA. The leadership styles suggested are: S1 telling or directing requires state of readiness R1 S2 selling or coaching requires state of readiness R2 S3 participating or supporting requires state of readiness R3 S4 delegating requires state of readiness R4 From this theory the leader should have adopted a combination of S2 and S3 styles to communicate and sell the VSA and support those who require it. However in choosing to implement S1 (similar to the autocratic approach) with telling and directing the VSA implementation, does not follow Hersey and Blanchards theory and could create more friction by choosing the wrong leadership style. This is shown in the table below. This table shows that different readiness levels require differing styles of leadership, leaders should consider their relations with others, and the structure of the task before determining what style of leadership to adopt, evolving their leadership style as readiness levels change, as with many things one size does not fit all. ANALYSE THE EFFECT OF INTERPERSONAL SKILLS ON LEADERSHIP When a leader decides upon a particular leadership approach to their given task, they must then interact with others and consider their own interpersonal skills. A successful and effective leader requires a range of interpersonal skills such as listening, asking questions, giving feedback, being assertive and so on. This section will analyse two particular aspects of interpersonal skills: Influencing trying to get someone to do, or to think, something that they might not otherwise have done. Managing Conflict coping with disagreements between people(in broad terms) Using interpersonal skills is not just a matter of knowing what they are, but about being aware when they are suitable and knowing how to use them effectively. According to French and Raven (1959, cited in Leadership 2009) power comes from five sources: Reward Power Coercive Power Referent Power Legitimate Power Expert power Power is an abstract concept and is difficult to define; basically A has the ability to make B behave in a certain way. The types of power demonstrated by the leader, throughout the organisational change was a mixture of coercive and legitimate power. The leader had the authority to influence behaviour through their rank within a disciplined hierarchal organisation, the force were presented with the VSA or an alternative of an even older shift pattern without consultation. Influencing Leaders are likely to adopt a particular style or approach when trying to influence someone, the balance of power between both parties will possibly determine the strategy, these may include: Reason using reason and logical argument. Assertion making a direct request with no argument to support the request. Exchange negotiating to arrive at a mutually acceptable outcome. Courting Favors friendship and positive behavior to encourage others to behave in the required manner. Coercion using or threatening to use some form of sanction. Partnership gathering support from both sides to build a coalition. And also the style used, Manning and Robertson (2004, cited in Leadership 2009) suggest six possible influencing styles: Strategist this is where the influencer is clear in what they what to achieve and has considered it before hand .A strategist style tends to favour reason, assertion and partnership styles of influence. Opportunist this style involves responding opportunistically to the situation facing the influencer. An opportunist style tends to use courting favour and exchange strategies. An opportunist is unlikely to prepare much beforehand but will attempt to grasp chances that come their way. Collaborator this style as its name suggests, involves collaboration with others for the overall good. A collaborator style concentrates on partnership, reason, exchange and courting favour strategies. Leaders who favour consensus are an example of collaborator style. Battler this is where the influencer concentrates on what they want and the sanction that they will use if they do not achieve this. A battler style tends to make use of coercion and assertion styles. A battler style is associated with people who want to get their own way and are reluctant to take no for an answer. Shotgun this strategy involves attempting to influence on a frequent basis and by use of a number of different strategies. Bystander those who adopt this style tend to engage in relatively few influencing attempts and make use of a restricted use of strategies. For the VSA to be implemented the leader combined their influencing strategy and style, using assertion and coercion. By making a direct request to Divisional Commanders to introduce the VSA to their respective divisions, through the VSA implementation teams, underpinning this with their legitimate power by virtue of their position within the force. The leader wanted to get their own way, however reluctant to take no for an answer from their Divisional Commanders. This resulted in conflict, which may have been avoided had the leader utilised a partnership or reason approach, justifying the reason behind their requests. Managing Conflict On some occasions leaders can use the previously discussed influencing strategies and power levels to assist them in managing conflict. Robbins (1996, cited in Leadership 2009) describes conflict as a process that begins when one party perceives that another has negatively effected, or is about to negatively effect, something that the first party cares about . Buchanan and Huczynski (2004) argue that conflict is a state of mind . Some will argue that conflict is a necessary part of organisational growth and development, where some will claim that an absence of conflict could be seen as an indication of complacency. However conflict has functional or potential benefits such as: Enabling opposing parties to gain a better understanding of each others views. An essential part of the process by which a team becomes effective. Leads alternative suggestions being made. Helps to implement a change successfully. Leads to an agreement that establishes a framework for future working. It is not always straight forward to manage conflict; some measures can be used to contribute to reducing the conflict at an organisational level reminding those involved of the rules and procedures, but also of remits, targets and goals of the organisation, however sometimes it is these that are the root causes of the conflict. Leaders will all handle conflict differently depending on the type of conflict faced; Thomas (1976, cited in Leadership 2009) suggests five styles for managing conflict: Avoiding this means doing nothing to tackle the conflict, this can be used when the issues are trivial and there is no chance of resolving the conflict. Accommodating this means accepting the existence of the conflict, this can be used to maintain harmony and allow people to learn from their mistakes. Compromising this involves some form of bargaining or negotiation; this can be used when getting a solution is important and both parties have equal power. Competing the opposite of accommodating and pursuing the interests of one party at the expense of the other, this can be used in an emergency and a quick solution is necessary. Collaborating working out a solution that is acceptable to both parties and meets all their concerns, used when it is important to gain long term commitment and issues are to important to compromise. Successful influencing and conflict management was certainly required with the initial introduction of the VSA. Firstly the leaders had to influence the core shifts and federation into accepting that it would provide a better quality of service and greater work life balance. The conflict arose through others unwilling to accept the terms of the VSA; however the leaders in managing this conflict firstly adopted an avoiding strategy during the initial pilot stage of the VSA. At the conclusion of the pilot and in preparation for roll out the leader, still facing resistance changed into competing. The leader believed the shift plan would work force wide and therefore would be implemented, with no consultation and no argument to justify the reasons for implementation. Either that or resort backwards to an older shift pattern. In implementing the VSA the Chief Constable has made effective use of their interpersonal skills, in their own distinct approach to this particular change management situation. However a more beneficial approach may have been a mix of accommodation, accepting that there were flaws in the VSA, and the existence of conflict with its implementation, collaborating with subordinates to work out a better solution for the long term strategy of the VSA. ANALYSE THE ROLE OF LEADERS IN ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE Organisational change is about closing the gap between where the organisation is at the moment and where it wants to be. It is the leaders role to close this gap. Senior (2002, cited in Leadership 2009) has identified four levels of change in which some, if not all would be involved in, Fine tuning Incremental adjustment Modular transformation Corporate transformation According to Senior the level of change that the VSA posed to the force was that of a modular transformation, as a significant number of the force, but not all, would be affected by its implementation. Kurt Lewin (cited in Leadership 2009) suggests that there are three main stages of change, unfreezing, change and refreezing. For the change to happen, the Leader firstly recognized the need for change, with a new shift pattern, following this with proprietary planning with the implementation team before the unfreezing stage. At this point resistance to the change should have been addressed, but the leader chose to avoid the conflict. The change period was overseen by the leader through chairing tasking meetings and monitoring its progress. During the refreezing period the VSA became an everyday part of life, the change was institutionalized, to give no chance of reverting back to previous shift patterns. Within these three stages people will play different roles in this organisational change; Kanter (1992, cited in Leadership 2009) distinguishes between three different types of people; Change strategists or initiators who initiate change and set the direction for it. Change implementers who co-ordinate and carry out the change. Change recipients who are effected by the change e.g. officers on the street. Change strategists are normally leaders the Chief Constable, change implementers are normally managers Divisional Commanders and the VSA implementation team, and subordinates are the recipients of change Officers on the core shifts. Force field analysis is a technique for analysing the internal and external drivers that can influence any organisational change; some of these driving factors for this organisational change can be identified as PESTEL factors, such as: Political MPs and councilors demanding more police presence on the streets. Economic overtime cost, reduced budget and the new Chief Constables promise to cut costs. Social-cultural alcohol induced anti social behavior. Nearly all forms of change will be met with some resistance, the VSA being no different. Strebel (1996, cited in Leadership 2009) argues that employees resist change because it disrupts the personal contract between employees and the organisation. Resisters to this organisational change can fall into different categories, Parochial self interest those employees resistant to change, they think that their position will be threatened and will make them worse off, the same employees that fall into Hersey and Blanchards R3 state of readiness. Misunderstanding and lack of trust employees misinterpreting the reasons behind the change, due to a lack of communication, viewing this change as just one of many For this organisational change to be successful the leader had to reduce resistors and increase drivers for change in an attempt to reach equilibrium. To do this they communicated the benefits of change, through more days off and a better work life balance; however there was an element of manipulation used to show employees that they would have more weekends off. Under the current shift pattern officers received one weekend off in every four, the VSA would allow two weekends off in every five. Look back at the current shift pattern over five weeks, officers were already receiving two weekends off in every five. The leader used this information selectively thus attempting to paint a rosy picture of the benefits of the VSA. A better way may have included an element of participation helping to build commitment to the change and negotiation, which could avoid some resistance from the employees affected by the change. CONCLUSION Drawing a conclusion for this essay, firstly considering the approach to leadership undertaken by the Chief Constable during this, change management situation. In their autocratic (or authoritarian) approach they concentrated in getting the job done and took responsibility for all the decisions made. Had the Chief Constable approached the organisational change according to Hersey and Blanchards situational leadership, identified their officers level of readiness and adopted the suggested leadership style, they may have been faced with less friction or resistance by the officers that would be affected by the VSA implementation. Secondly, in analysing the interpersonal skills and its effect on the organisational change, the Chief constable utilised their legitimate power to achieve the implementation, in adopting an assertion style of influencing with no argument to their request, coupling this with the conflict management style, by firstly avoiding and then competing. Had they followed an alternative style suggested by Thomas (1976) such as accommodating and accepting the existence of conflict or resistance to the VSA, they may have been able to negotiate better with the federation and the officers affected by the change to find out the root causes of conflict and address them at an early stage. Thirdly, considering the Chief Constables role within this organisational change was that of a change strategist, they initiated the VSA and set its direction, posing, as Senior (2002) identifies as a modular transformation to the force. With some officers resisting due to a parochial self interest, whilst others through misunderstanding and lack of trust in this change, the Chief Constable had to reset the balance by education and manipulation, driving his vision forward. One thing certain from this is the Chief Constable requires managers with the skill, knowledge and experience of organisational change, enabling them to have the ability to change and adapt their leadership style to suit each given change management situation. These managers may not be able to ease all of the resistance to change, but should be able to reduce it considerably to implement future changes that are required.

Hadyn Middletons Lie of the Land :: Middleton Lie of the Land Essays

Hadyn Middleton's Lie of the Land The mystical premise William Blake uses as the basis for his poetic work is not one based on a transcendent God, but the "Universal Man" who is himself God and who incorporates the cosmos as well. Blake elsewhere describes this founding image as "the human Form Divine" and names him "Albion." After becoming more familiar with the "myth" William Blake uses in his poetry, it is clear that Hadyn Middleton doesn't simply refer to Blake throughout the telling of Lie of the Land, his myths live quite comfortably inside within it. Nennius is not simply inspired by the work of Blake, he becomes Blake's work. Nennius becomes Albion. Blake's attempt to articulate a full myth of humanity's present, past, and future is clearly mirrored in Middleton's beginning, middle and end. What both Blake and Middleton explore is the fall of a man from humanity into a lower "state" of being. The fall, in Blake's myth, is not the fall of humanity away from God but a falling apart of primal people, a "fall into Division." In this event the original sin is what Blake calls "Selfhood," the attempt of an isolated part to be self-sufficient. The breakup of the all-inclusive Universal Man in Eden into exiled parts identifies the Fall with the creation-- the creation not only of man and of nature as we ordinarily know them but also of a sky god who is alien from humanity (20-21, here and throughout, page numbers refer to The Norton Anthology of English Literature, 6h ed. v.2). Middleton takes Nennius and plops him smack dab in the middle of Blake's poetic structure, in the middle of what ultimately becomes the lie of the land. When Nennius discovers the "woman's" presence, as a very young boy, he begins his "separation" into a state of selfhood; perhaps without really being conscious of this movement. He gives his life over to the power he thinks the woman possesses. He lives his life believing the "end" will eventually be brought to him from the spirit. Thus, he retreats into a world of his own making. Nennius imposes exile upon himself. The world excludes his wife, his child and all forms of human pleasure as well as human pain. Further into Blake's myth, Universal Man divides first into the "Four Mighty Ones" who are the Zoas, or chief powers and component aspects of humanity, and these in turn divide sexually into male Spectres and female Emanations (21). Hadyn Middleton's Lie of the Land :: Middleton Lie of the Land Essays Hadyn Middleton's Lie of the Land The mystical premise William Blake uses as the basis for his poetic work is not one based on a transcendent God, but the "Universal Man" who is himself God and who incorporates the cosmos as well. Blake elsewhere describes this founding image as "the human Form Divine" and names him "Albion." After becoming more familiar with the "myth" William Blake uses in his poetry, it is clear that Hadyn Middleton doesn't simply refer to Blake throughout the telling of Lie of the Land, his myths live quite comfortably inside within it. Nennius is not simply inspired by the work of Blake, he becomes Blake's work. Nennius becomes Albion. Blake's attempt to articulate a full myth of humanity's present, past, and future is clearly mirrored in Middleton's beginning, middle and end. What both Blake and Middleton explore is the fall of a man from humanity into a lower "state" of being. The fall, in Blake's myth, is not the fall of humanity away from God but a falling apart of primal people, a "fall into Division." In this event the original sin is what Blake calls "Selfhood," the attempt of an isolated part to be self-sufficient. The breakup of the all-inclusive Universal Man in Eden into exiled parts identifies the Fall with the creation-- the creation not only of man and of nature as we ordinarily know them but also of a sky god who is alien from humanity (20-21, here and throughout, page numbers refer to The Norton Anthology of English Literature, 6h ed. v.2). Middleton takes Nennius and plops him smack dab in the middle of Blake's poetic structure, in the middle of what ultimately becomes the lie of the land. When Nennius discovers the "woman's" presence, as a very young boy, he begins his "separation" into a state of selfhood; perhaps without really being conscious of this movement. He gives his life over to the power he thinks the woman possesses. He lives his life believing the "end" will eventually be brought to him from the spirit. Thus, he retreats into a world of his own making. Nennius imposes exile upon himself. The world excludes his wife, his child and all forms of human pleasure as well as human pain. Further into Blake's myth, Universal Man divides first into the "Four Mighty Ones" who are the Zoas, or chief powers and component aspects of humanity, and these in turn divide sexually into male Spectres and female Emanations (21).

What do you consider to be the main causes of social conflict in Britain’s cities in the last ten years?

What do you consider to be the main causes of social conflict in Britain's cities in the last ten years? Stephenie Thourgood What do you consider to be the main causes of social conflict in Britain's Cities in the last ten years? This essay aims to introduce types of social conflict that prevail in today's society and identify possible causes to the social conflict that has occurred in British cities within the last decade. Social conflict is the struggle between individuals or groups of people within a society that have opposing beliefs/ interests to other groups. From these struggles, tensions are produced and are expressed in a variety of ways often through anti-social behaviour such as theft, drugs, riots, attacks, demonstrations, strikes, hooliganism and vandalism. The main focus of this paper will be the causes behind the riots in British cities in the last ten years, as riots are a form of social conflict easier to measure than the other forms; Riots occur sporadically and last for a certain duration. Crime for example is an ongoing process in all areas of the country. The essay will conclude by suggesting changes to be made to reduce social conflict in Britain. Britain has a history of city riots that were probably most prominent in the 1980's in areas such as Brixton and Manchester. There have been thirteen recorded riots between 1991 and 1992 where the police temporarily lost control over the violence. All of the riots occurred in council estates on the periphery of London in low-income areas with long standing socio-economic problems. Unemployment levels were far above the national average. The participants were predominantly young white British males aged between 10 and 30 years old. There tended to be a high concentration of young people, in some areas over half of the residents were under 24 years of age (Power, A 1997. ppix). Individuals in society have labelled this group of people the ‘underclass'. There are however different understandings of what is meant by the ‘underclass'. It would seem that in a time where the class system is supposedly dead, class differences still exist. The ‘underclass' in this paper will be considered as people with † low educational attainment, a lack of adequate skills †¦. ,shared spatial location, dependency on welfare, unemployment and under-employment†¦ pathological family structures and the inter-generational transmission of poverty; involvement in the unreported economy and a pre-disposition to criminal and disorderly behaviour†( Crowther, C, 1997 pp7). In the way that the working class had little power in the capitalist system until they formed a global alliance of all workers (proletariat), the underclass too struggle to make a difference until they unite and riot (Dicken, P 1990). There are many reasons behind social conflict and there are also catalysts that trigger the social disorder such as riots. Community is often a group of people with shared interests, a neighbourhood where residents feel a sense of identification and belonging. Traditionally a sense of community was based around the neighbourhood you resided. This concept is fast deteriorating as new community identities within communities evolve e. g. the ‘gay community' and ‘ethnic communities'. These divisions within the community produce conflict as the various groups have different interests and perceived priorities in the neighbourhood (Hogget, P, 1997). Social tensions also occur due to demographical factors surrounding the communities. The housing estates that often witness violent outbreaks tend to have a population of predominantly young people, unemployed or on a low income, living in council housing. The estate is then branded an economically deprived area. If there were a mix in the wealth of the estate then role models for the less affluent would exist and give the deprived younger resident something to aspire to. Due to the young age of a large percentage of the residents, they are easily influenced and attracted to the mobilized violence, as there is support from fellow young residents and peers. Smaller groups of youngsters living on the estates would find it difficult to make an impression as numbers would be too small to cause the large scale of disorder evident in the riots of the last decade. â€Å"A mix of more mature households with younger families would provide stronger community constraints† (Power, A etal, 1997, ppxi). There was an increase in the amount of migrants living in Britain since the 1950's, this is no longer encouraged and constraints have been placed upon the process. Newly arriving immigrants were housed in the poorer areas of Britain. Obviously different ethnic groups have different cultures and interests. By housing them alongside the poorer British residents, very different groups were forced to live together in one community. As a result of this process there became a high concentration of poverty stricken ethnic minority groups living in densely overpopulated areas, which created tensions and pressure on local services. Equal opportunities policies sought to eliminate racial discrimination suffered by the ethnic minorities, by increasing the amount of minority employees. White unemployed residents job-hunting would find themselves in direct competition with the minority groups and therefore feel bitter that the minority groups can obtain work in Britain where some of the British can not (Crowther, C 1997). â€Å"Although race was not a dominant issue in the riots, individual minority families became targets of hate† (Power, A etal. 1997 pp 20) The white residents of the estates wanted to blame someone for their undesirable situation and targeted ethnic minorities as scapegoats to take their anger out upon in some of the riots. The economic disadvantage of the residents of these estates also contributed to the outbreaks. Education was often not reinforced by families on the estates, as they too had never had the importance of education demonstrated to them. Due to the lack of education, they knew of no alternative option to voice their opinions other than by violent methods such as rioting. Low educational attainment meant that children did not have the skills required of them to become a member of the labour force, and so often became dependent upon welfare (Crowther, C 1997). The provision of welfare undermines individual responsibility by giving rational human agents the incentives to not work and provide for themselves, thereby creating welfare dependency† (Crowther, C 1997. pp9). Girls very rarely played any major part in the rioting. This can be explained by the fact that girls achieved higher in school. They were more successful than boys in gaining employment and so had a sense of self-fulfilment. As boys' educational attainment levels were lower they were exposed to the feeling of failure, which carried on into their years of job seeking (Power, A etal, 1997). Many of the girls may have been mothers and as mother women may have recognised their responsibilities socially and did not want to be associated with the violence. Males, however, did not maintain their social role as a father and readily participated in the riots (Ginsberg, N 1993). The recession contributed to rioting also as it caused changes in the labour market that when combined with racial competition led to ever increasing tensions: â€Å"Throughout the course of their struggle to improve their market situation the ‘white' labour force often entered into antagonistic relations with ‘black labourers. Thus the segregation of ‘white' from ‘black' workers is shaped by individual attitudes and actions† (Crowther, C 1997, pp 12) The young unemployed people become bored as they have much free time and limited finance to pursue on interesting activities/hobbies. As a result of this they often turn to crime for means of enjoyment, excitement and to increase their income. Unemployment can give people a feeling of low self worth and a lack of respect from their family. Various types of crime such as stealing a car may often earn them respect from their peers and families especially if there is financial gain. This had a circular effect however as crime on the estate caused conflict between the victimised residents and the criminal population of the area (Altman, I 1975). Political factors can also help to explain the reasons behind social conflict. The areas that tend to be prone to disturbance tend to be areas that major government programmes are focussed upon. The Government created massive programmes that entailed investing money to improve housing, transport and urban renewal. An estate based housing office, a tenants association, health projects, community development trusts, policing projects are examples of the types of programmes initiated. They aimed to improve the immediate vicinity of the poorer estates, but the programmes had a short-term impact. It is true that the projects improved the quality of life for the residents, but nothing was done to increase education or job prospects. The government provided the estates with no means to continually support themselves and sustain their improved lifestyle. After time the services became run down again and the unemployed resident is still poor and frustrated. Government resources were scarce as they tried to divide the budget between all the different needs of the sub-communities within the community (Hogget, P 1997). â€Å"The cost of growing dependency by community organisations on such programmes in any areas became apparent†¦. community groups often found themselves in a struggle for scarce resources†¦ which exacerbated existing lines of tension between communities of difference† ( Hoggett, P 1997 pp10). Residents were previously not involved in the decision-making process on how funding was to be spent; they had no control over what was done in their community space. Had they been consulted they would probably have opted for a scheme that aimed to obtain businesses reinvestment in the area. â€Å"Most externally funded programmes were driven by outside constraints and did very little to change the prospects for young men or their stake in what happened† (Power, A etal 1997. ppx). Social aspects are considered to cause social conflict. All of the aforementioned reasons for social conflict lead to an accumulation of pressure upon a family. Home is perceived as a haven where people can take shelter from society, if the home is of poor quality and overcrowded with family breakdown there is no escape for those residing there; they are constantly faced with their deprivation and problems (Dickens, P, 1990). An increase in single parent families means for many youngsters there is no role model to reinforce ideal behaviour. From a study on youth and crime undertaken by ‘The Joseph Rowntree Foundation' it was discovered that damaged adults create damaged children (Power, A etal 1997). Poor quality parenting, parental conflict, little enthusiasm for education, criminal behaviour and poverty set examples to children that they too would follow. Pressure on the head of the family to be the provider can lead to tensions particularly if the family is in poverty and the parents are unemployed and dependent on welfare. The rest of the family may lose respect for that person, as they cannot provide an affluent lifestyle for their children. The media contribute to social conflict, as they provided a method by which the residents could communicate to the wider society. The media always reported on the riots and often exaggerated the situation. In some cases the media have been prosecuted for encouraging youths to riot so that the reporters could gain a good story for the sake of ratings. â€Å"the newspaper headlines provide a relentless reportage of the consequences of the collapse of excluded communities† (Hoggett, P 1997 pp13) Areas were often stereotyped as being ‘bad' by the media. The estates then experienced difficulties in trying to escape this labelling especially when applying for jobs. Weak social control caused by weak links with the wider society also contributed to social conflict. The youths were rarely punished for the riots and often gained support, attention and funding from the Government as a result. Due to lack of enforcement upon them they were constantly pushing the boundaries. They felt they had nothing to lose by rioting. Changes in society lead to increased tensions between marginalized groups and the police service. The police provided little protection to the community, they only responded to reported crimes. Due to the intimidation of the residents from the criminals on the estates, police struggled to find witnesses for the incidents. The police were therefore limited. Tensions between the criminals and the police grew, as the youths antagonised the police knowing that the police were unable to arrest them (Crowther, C 1997). During the riots the battle between the police and the youths was therefore often personal (Power, A etal, 1997). A diagram to show how rioting may occur. Riot Denial of voice Alternative power Boys excluded from family, Control battle school, work, leisure facilities Violence in public areas Loss of control Alternative voice Control vacuum Gang Formation Police challenge Hard tough style Rumbling disorder Intimidation, law-breaking Display of power Notoriety (Power A etal, 1997 pp53) Several case studies can be used to reinforce the reasons given. I have selected Blackbird Lees, and Bradford. Blackbird Lees is a housing estate located on the periphery of a large town in the Midlands in the 1950's and 1960's to house workers from the local industries. Only 8% of the houses were owner-occupied. The estate had few basic services such as shops, a medical centre, public houses and a bus route to the town centre. The population was predominantly young with 56% being under the age of 25, and 94% of the estates population were white. Unemployment levels were high at 42% and 22% of households were single parented. By the mid 1980's the estate was perceived as being one of the least desirable estates in the area. The area has a history of anti-social behaviour such as crime and harassment. The ethnic minorities were usually the first to be harassed. In 1992, the estate was awarded 15 million pounds to improve housing, services, diversify the tenure and increase resident involvement. A particular activity of the youths was to steal and ride motorbikes over the large areas of open space near to the estate. Residents wanting to use the green for other purposes felt too intimidated to do so. Petitions were drawn up and handed to the police who found it hard to impose control. Bikes were difficult to chase and often the bikers outnumbered the police. The riot was triggered by the arrest of three youths for a motorbiking related offence. Later that day fifty youths congregated and caused damage to the surrounding area in protest. More youths were arrested and the disorder continued and escalated over the following nights. On the fifth night 150 police with protective equipment took control of the situation and the disturbances ceased. Many residents, police and Councillors felt the disturbances were minor, and that the media exaggerated the events. There were conflicting perspectives of the role of the police; some believed they neglected the brewing problems for too long, whilst others believed they overreacted to the disturbance (Power, A etal 1997) Bradford is another area that suffered riots only this year. Bradford used to be dominated by the textile industry; due to the industry's decline many people were made unemployed. During the summer of 2001, riots broke out sparked by the general election. The area has a large ethnic minority population, high unemployment numbers and a substantial young population. A high percentage of voters supported the British Nationalist Party (BNP). The BNP gained much of their support by feeding from the tensions between the minorities and the ‘whites'. The BNP fuelled ideas that the ‘Asians' were taking all the benefits and jobs from the ‘whites', and that the ‘Asians' were the reason the whites were deprived. Both gangs had been involved in attacks prior to these riots. One night the ‘Asians' congregated in the streets and caused a full scale violent riot where the local vicinity was attacked and vandalised. It is thought they did this due to the propaganda spread by the BNP, which made them feel alienated in their own neighbourhood. The riot was very territorial fighting for social space to exist freely within (www. bbc. co. uk. news 2001). In conclusion, social conflict is the result of a concoction of factors that when fused together result in an explosion of disorder. The factors are social, economical, racial, demographical, political and geographical (Benyon, J 1987). When the status of these factors leads to a socially excluded deprived ‘class' of people who feel discriminated against, rioting is often witnessed. There are however, some more deprived areas where rioting has never occurred. This may be because there is stronger police control, or the age of the population may be evenly dispersed. All the areas that witnessed riots had large groups of young unemployed males living in a similar deprived geographical location (Crowther, C 1997). These men are â€Å"more vulnerable to group solidarity with other, similarly excluded, vulnerable, disorientated and poorly prepared young men† (Power, A etal, 1997. p51) These men were socially excluded and so rioted to release aggression, to be noticed, and to attempt to break the vicious circle they were born into. Riots are perceived by many as the ‘revenge of the socially excluded' (Crowther, C. 1997). Riots can produce results. The people involved in the riots are very rarely reprimanded for their actions, instead more money and programmes are set up to improve the infrastructure, services and support. Positive action needs to be taken in order to prevent further outbreaks. For a stable future young people should be taught that there are other non-violent ways to voice their opinions and recognise that an interest in their education can lead to better job prospects. A population mix should be generated in order to diversify the types of people living together. Activities within the community to relieve boredom and give people a shared interest should be initiated. Improved support should be given to parents and families and to community development groups. These ideas should be taken into account when planning future housing development and regeneration (Power, A etal, 1997). It is also argued that planning decisions from the past have contributed to the racial tensions and exclusion of certain groups by creating ‘ghetto' type areas through the housing policies (Solomos, J 1993). There are many aspects as discussed previously that when integrated lead to social conflict; the major cause being the long term exclusion and deprivation that the so-called ‘underclass' are made to suffer. They endeavour to change their situation but with so many limitations upon them, they are rarely successful other than through rioting. Multiple deprivation has dangerous consequences.